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Understanding Working Principle of Ultrasonic Water Meter

The ultrasonic water meter, one of the widely used water meters, is a non-intrusive device that calculates the volume flow of fluid by measuring its velocity with ultrasound. It can measure fluid flow in virtually any fluid where sound waves can transmit. This type of water meter is usually considered as “hybrid” as it can either use the Doppler principle or transit time method to measure flow.

The Ultrasonic water meters are most ideal for water applications where low-pressure drop, low maintenance, and chemical compatibility are required. They will generally not work with drinking or distilled water but are fit for wastewater applications or conductive dirty liquids. They are used with abrasive and corrosive liquids as they do not obstruct liquid flowing through the pipelines.

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Ultrasonic flow meters use the principles of echo, and variation in the speed of sound across different mediums to measure flow. The meters typically contain two ultrasonic transducers with one acting as the transmitter and the other as the receiver. The two transducers could either be mounted side-by-side or at an angle from each other on opposite sides of the vessel. The transmitting transducer emits sound pulses from the surface of the sensor to the fluid and it’s received by the transducer designated as the receiver. The time it takes for the sound pulse to travel from the transmitter to the receiver, known as transit time, is then estimated and used in determining flow rate and other parameters.

For the second configuration, with the transmitter and receiver placed side by side, the transmitter emits the sound pulse while the receiver monitors the time it takes to receive an echo of the transmission.

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Irrespective of the sensor configuration, the measurement with transit time difference is based on the fact that; sound waves propagating in the direction of flow of the medium move more quickly than the waves propagating against the direction of flow of the medium. Thus, the difference in the transit time is directly proportional to the flow velocity of the medium and this principle is used to accurately measure the volume of gases and liquids and also to derive density and viscosity.

While the above two methods are the very commonly used ones, different ultrasonic flowmeters use a modified version of this, based on the type of liquid and measurement to be done.

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